District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2: A Comprehensive Guide for Medical Laboratory Professionals
Medical laboratory professionals play a vital role in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases in tropical and developing countries. However, they often face challenges such as limited resources, inadequate training, poor infrastructure, and high workload. Therefore, they need reliable and practical guidance on how to perform various laboratory tests with accuracy and quality.
One of the most useful and widely used books on this topic is District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries by Monica Cheesbrough. This book consists of two parts that cover the essential aspects of medical laboratory practice in resource-limited settings. Part 1 focuses on clinical chemistry, urine analysis, parasitology, immunology, and entomology. Part 2 focuses on microbiology, haematology, and blood transfusion.
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In this article, we will review Part 2 of the book, which was published in 2006 by Cambridge University Press. We will summarize the main topics covered in each chapter, and highlight how this book can help medical laboratory professionals in tropical countries improve their skills and services.
Microbiological Tests
Microbiological tests are essential for the diagnosis of many infectious diseases that are prevalent in tropical countries, such as HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, dengue, cholera, typhoid fever, and others. These tests involve the examination of specimens such as blood, urine, stool, sputum, cerebrospinal fluid, and pus for the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.
Microbiology practice and quality assurance in district laboratories
The first section of this chapter provides an overview of microbiology practice and quality assurance in district laboratories. It covers the following topics:
How to ensure safety, accuracy, and reliability of microbiological tests
How to use standard operating procedures, quality control, and good laboratory practice
How to collect, transport, and store specimens for microbiological tests
The second section of this chapter provides detailed instructions on how to perform microscopy, culture, and serology tests for various bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. It covers the following topics:
How to prepare and examine Gram-stained smears for bacterial identification
How to culture and identify bacteria using biochemical tests and antibiotic susceptibility testing
How to perform Ziehl-Neelsen staining for acid-fast bacilli (tuberculosis)
How to perform rapid diagnostic tests for HIV, hepatitis B, syphilis, and other viral infections
How to perform fungal culture and identification using KOH preparation and lactophenol cotton blue staining
How to perform microscopy and rapid diagnostic tests for malaria and other parasitic infections
The third section of this chapter provides guidance on how to interpret and report microbiological test results. It covers the following topics:
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How to use reference values and normal ranges for microbiological tests
How to report microbiological test results using standard formats and terminology
How to communicate microbiological test results to clinicians and patients
Microbiological tests for common infectious diseases in tropical countries
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the microbiological tests for common infectious diseases in tropical countries. It covers the following diseases:
DiseaseCausative agentSpecimenTest
HIV/AIDSHIV (human immunodeficiency virus)BloodRapid diagnostic test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
TuberculosisMycobacterium tuberculosisSputum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, pusZiehl-Neelsen staining, culture, PCR, GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay
MalariaPlasmodium spp.BloodMicroscopy, rapid diagnostic test, PCR
Dengue feverDengue virusBloodRapid diagnostic test, ELISA, PCR
CholeraVibrio choleraeStool, rectal swabCulture, rapid diagnostic test, PCR
Typhoid feverSalmonella typhiBlood, stool, bone marrowCulture, Widal test, PCR
LeptospirosisLeptospira spp.Blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluidMicroscopic agglutination test (MAT), ELISA, PCR
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi (filarial worms)BloodMicroscopy, immunochromatographic test (ICT), PCR
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia)Schistosoma spp. (blood flukes)Urine, stool, bloodMicroscopy, enzyme immunoassay (EIA), PCR
This chapter also provides information on the epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of each disease.
Haematological Tests
Haematological tests are essential for the diagnosis of many blood disorders that are prevalent in tropical countries, such as anaemia, haemoglobinopathies, malaria, leukaemia, and others. These tests involve the examination of blood specimens for various parameters such as blood count, haemoglobin, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and coagulation.
Haematology practice and quality assurance in district laboratories
The first section of this chapter provides an overview of haematology practice and quality assurance in district laboratories. It covers the following topics:
How to ensure safety, accuracy, and reliability of haematological tests
How to use standard operating procedures, quality control, and good laboratory practice
How to collect, transport, and store specimens for haematological tests
The second section of this chapter provides detailed instructions on how to perform various haematological tests using manual and automated methods. It covers the following topics:
How to perform blood count using a haemocytometer or a cell counter
How to perform haemoglobin estimation using a colorimeter or a haemoglobinometer
How to perform erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) using a Westergren or a Wintrobe method
How to perform coagulation tests such as prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) using a coagulometer or a manual method
The third section of this chapter provides guidance on how to interpret and report haematological test results. It covers the following topics:
How to use reference values and normal ranges for haematological tests
How to report haematological test results using standard formats and terminology
How to communicate haematological test results to clinicians and patients
Haematological tests for common blood disorders in tropical countries
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the haematological tests for common blood disorders in tropical countries. It covers the following disorders:
DisorderCauseSpecimenTest
AnaemiaReduced number or function of red blood cells due to iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, folate deficiency, chronic disease, blood loss, or haemolysisBloodBlood count, haemoglobin, ESR, peripheral blood smear, iron studies, vitamin B12 and folate levels, reticulocyte count, direct antiglobulin test (DAT), osmotic fragility test, etc.
HaemoglobinopathiesInherited disorders of haemoglobin structure or synthesis such as sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiencyBloodBlood count, haemoglobin electrophoresis, solubility test, sickling test, methaemoglobin reduction test, G6PD assay, etc.
MalariaInfection of red blood cells by Plasmodium spp.BloodMicroscopy, rapid diagnostic test, PCR
LeukaemiaMalignant proliferation of white blood cells in the bone marrow or lymphoid tissuesBlood, bone marrowBlood count, peripheral blood smear, bone marrow aspirate and biopsy, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, PCR, etc.<
This chapter also provides information on the epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of each disorder.
Blood Transfusion Tests
Blood transfusion tests are essential for the compatibility and safety of blood products that are used for the treatment of various conditions such as severe anaemia, haemorrhage, surgery, trauma, and cancer. These tests involve the examination of blood specimens for various parameters such as blood grouping, cross-matching, antibody screening, and infectious disease testing.
Blood transfusion practice and quality assurance in district laboratories
The first section of this chapter provides an overview of blood transfusion practice and quality assurance in district laboratories. It covers the following topics:
How to ensure safety, accuracy, and reliability of blood transfusion tests
How to use standard operating procedures, quality control, and good laboratory practice
How to collect, transport, and store specimens for blood transfusion tests
The second section of this chapter provides detailed instructions on how to perform various blood transfusion tests using manual and automated methods. It covers the following topics:
How to perform blood grouping using ABO and Rh systems using tube or slide methods
How to perform cross-matching using major and minor compatibility tests using tube or gel methods
How to perform antibody screening using indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) or enzyme-linked antiglobulin test (ELAT) using tube or gel methods
How to perform infectious disease testing using rapid diagnostic tests, ELISA, or PCR for HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, and other infections
The third section of this chapter provides guidance on how to interpret and report blood transfusion test results. It covers the following topics:
How to use reference values and normal ranges for blood transfusion tests
How to report blood transfusion test results using standard formats and terminology
How to communicate blood transfusion test results to clinicians and patients
Blood transfusion tests for compatibility and safety of blood products in tropical countries
This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the blood transfusion tests for compatibility and safety of blood products in tropical countries. It covers the following topics:
The principles and practice of blood transfusion in tropical countries
The types and indications of blood products such as whole blood, packed red cells, fresh frozen plasma, platelets, and cryoprecipitate
The selection and preparation of blood donors and blood units
The storage and transportation of blood products
The administration and monitoring of blood transfusion
The prevention and management of transfusion reactions, infections, and errors
Conclusion
In conclusion, District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2 by Monica Cheesbrough is a comprehensive guide for medical laboratory professionals who work in resource-limited settings. It covers the essential aspects of microbiology, haematology, and blood transfusion practice and quality assurance in district laboratories. It also provides detailed instructions on how to perform various laboratory tests for common infectious diseases and blood disorders in tropical countries. It also provides information on the epidemiology, clinical features, treatment, and prevention of each disease and disorder.
This book is a valuable resource for medical laboratory professionals who want to improve their skills and services in tropical countries. It is also a useful reference for clinicians, public health workers, students, and researchers who are interested in medical laboratory practice in tropical countries.
If you want to download the PDF version of this book, you can visit the following link: [text]
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between Part 1 and Part 2 of the book?
Part 1 of the book focuses on clinical chemistry, urine analysis, parasitology, immunology, and entomology. Part 2 of the book focuses on microbiology, haematology, and blood transfusion.
Who is the author of the book?
The author of the book is Monica Cheesbrough, a former senior lecturer in medical microbiology at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. She has over 30 years of experience in teaching and working in medical laboratories in tropical countries.
How can I access the online resources that accompany the book?
You can access the online resources that accompany the book by visiting the following link: [text]. You will find supplementary materials such as videos, animations, quizzes, and case studies that enhance your learning experience.
How can I cite the book in my academic work?
You can cite the book in your academic work using the following format:
Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries Part 2. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
Where can I buy the book?
You can buy the book from various online platforms such as Amazon, Barnes & Noble, and Cambridge University Press. You can also find it in some libraries and bookstores. 44f88ac181
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